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An applied study of internal eye shape of the Iranian spectacles since the fourth millennium B.C. in the museums of Iran and the world
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Mir Ghaffar Sahihi Oskooei *   , Mohammad Ghassemi Broumand , Haleh Kangari , Maryam Heydarpour Meymeh , Seyed Mahmoud Tabatabaei Far |
| Optometrist, Department of Optometry, Faculty of Rehabilitation Science, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran , goskooei@yahoo.com |
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Abstract: (8766 Views) |
| Background: Since the beginning of history, human has always been facing optical problems such as: refractive errors, Presbyopia, cataract, visual deviations (Strabismus), and disturbance of visual rays reflected from the environment and blindness. Therefore, it can be said that in the course of history, human has tried to overcome these problems and present innovation to remove them. In line with this ideal, and based on experience, human learns to use opening, split, shade, closing and covering instead of narrowing eyelid method. This also causes the invention of spectacles with specific eye shape to eradicate any kind of the mentioned problems in securing a better vision. Due to data gap on the Iranian experience in manufacturing spectacles with different eye shapes, for supplying a better visual strength, this study identifies the Iranian spectacles manufactured since the fourth millennium B.C., which are nowadays kept in the museums of Iran and the world and makes to do study of their internal eye shapes.
Materials and methods: This research, it was necessary to have a review of books, which represent the artistic works of Iran since ancient time up the present. Among the most outstanding books of these series, there is a book entitled “A Survey of Persian Arts” by Prof. Arthur UPHAM Pope. The book was identified as a review of its 15 volumes. Moreover, consultation was made with some museums, collection holders and, many other books were reviewed in connection with eye, ophthalmology, and innovative instruments on eye problems. Another book, which was reviewed, was “Introduction to the History of Science” by George Sarton, which shows a part of the route to the invention of eyeglass. AS for ophthalmology, a book entitled “A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate” by Dr. Cyril Elgood was closely examined which refers to the achievements in medical science. Having identified the Iranian spectacles from the fourth millennium B.C. , research was performed on the internal eye shapes of three spectacles from the viewpoint of their application and their role in removing optical problems with regard to the scientific developments in the early third millennium A.D.
Conclusion: Different studies show that in different historical period from the fourth and third millenniums B.C. up to the early millennium A.D., in accordance with the human’ needs, different instruments had been invented such as spectacle, magnifying glass and artificial eye. As Iranians have a long history of familiarity with optical sciences, the eye shapes of the eyeglasses designed since the fourth millennium B.C. onwards had essential features to eradicate optical problems, which eyes may encounter with. |
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| Keywords: Spectacle’s Internal Eye Shape; Artificial Eye; Pin Hole Spectacle; Obsidian Stone; Bone Made Spectacle; Glass; Circular Crystal; Lens; Spectacle (Eye Glass) |
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Full-Text [PDF 937 kb]
(3279 Downloads)
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Type of Study: Original |
Subject:
Medicine
Received: 2017 | Published: 2017
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